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PREFACE ...............................................................................................
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INTRODUCTION .................................................................................
xi |
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SECTION I - TROUBLESHOOTING
AT THE WELL SITE |
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1
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Increasing Gas Flow At
the Wellhead ...................................................
1
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Configuration of Tubing and Casing. Wellhead
Performance Curve. Liquid Loading. Sustaining Gas Flow.
Use of Intermitters. Sand Covering Perforations. Tagging
Bottoms.
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2
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Additional Ideas To Enhance
Gas Flow ...............................................
16
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Calculating Gas Flow At Different Wellhead
Pressures. Coning Water Into A Well. Dual Completion Wells.
Gas Recovery During Initial Flaring. Portable Sand Separator.
Soap Sticks.
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3
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Wellhead Surface Equipment
...............................................................
25
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The Wellhead Tree. The Master And Secondary
Valves. Casing Pressure. Heater Operation. High Pressure
Separator. Three Phase Separator Condensate and Brine
Tanks. Wellhead Flash Gas Recovery.
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4
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Wellhead Compression .........................................................................
36
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Head-End/Crank-End Operation. Optimizing
Suction Pressure. Horsepower Bottlenecks. Rod load Limits.
Fuel Saving Ideas. Field Troubleshooting Checklist.
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5
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Process Cooling In Remote
Locations ................................................
49
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Heat Transfer Efficiency For Gas Cooling.
Insufficient Air Flow. Fan Tip Speed. Blade Pitch. Effect
Of Glycol Dehydrators. Turbocharger Discharge Coolers.
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SECTION II - TROUBLESHOOTING
AT THE DEHYDRATION AND COMPRESSION STATION |
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6
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Glycol Dehydration ...............................................................................
59
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Glycol Pump. Reduced Glycol Circulation.
Regeneration Temperature. Flooding Dehydration Tower.
Plugged Trays. Effect of Temperature and Pressure. Selecting
Dehydration Trays. Overheating Glycol. External Glycol
Stripper. Di-, Tri-, or Tetra-Glycol?
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7
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Reciprocating Compressors
.................................................................
80
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Lost Compressor Horsepower. Unloader Failures.
Cylinder Temperature. Beta Scans and the Carnot Cycle.
Efficiency. Starting Volumetric Clearance. Valve Losses.
Excessive Rod Loading.
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8
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Reciprocating Engines
..........................................................................
90
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Cylinder Exhaust Temperature. Vibration
Analyzer. Turbochargers. Beta Scans And The Otto Cycle.
Engine Efficiency.
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9
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Loss In Centrifugal Compressor
Capacity ........................................ 100
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Compression Horsepower versus delta T.
Labyrinth Seal Leakage. Rotor Fouling. Split Shaft Gas
Turbine Drive. Salt Deposits. Dew Point Solid Deposits.
Anti-Surge Control.
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10
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Gas Turbine Driven Centrifugal
Compressors ................................. 112
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Exhaust Temperature Limits. Compressor
versus Gas Properties. Rotor Fouling. Driver Efficiency.
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11
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Light Hydrocarbon Distillation
..........................................................
120
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Control Problems. Flooding. Tower Delta
P. Liquid Level Causes Flooding. Temperature Survey. Foaming.
Expanding Tray Capacity and Efficiency. Tray Damage.
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12
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Amine Regeneration and
Scrubbing ..................................................
133
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Dirty Amine. Foaming. Corrosion Inhibitors,
Reboiler and Condenser Corrosion. Reclaimer Operation
for MEA. Filter Operation. Amine Strength. Retrofitting
Ideas To Expand Capacity. Energy Savings.
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13
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Sulfur Plant Operation
........................................................................
148
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Sulfur Losses. Air Ratio. Catalyst Activity
Reheat Exchangers. Sulfur Fog. Start-Up Problems. Deposits
On Catalyst Beds. Condenser Leaks. Plugged Seal Legs.
Oxygen Enrichment. Cascading Seal Legs.
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SECTION III - PIPELINE PROBLEMS |
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14
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Hydrates ..............................................................................................
172
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Effect of Composition And Pressure. Cooling
On Expansion. Use Of Methanol. Effect On Wellhead Compressors.
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15
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Production Metering ...........................................................................
180
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Pulsation Effects. Effect of Wellhead Compressors.
Eroded, Plugged Orifices. Beta Ratio. Gas Field Balances.
Custody Transfer Point.
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16
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Piping Pulsations .................................................................................
188
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Running Compressors in Parallel. Resonant
Piping Length. Pulsation Dampener Bottle. Effect Of Piping
Design.
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17
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Corrosion and Fouling
........................................................................
192
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Monitoring Internal Corrosion. External
Pipeline Corrosion. Pipe-to-Soil Potential. Biological
Corrosion.
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GLOSSARY ........................................................................................
195
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INDEX ................................................................................................
203
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